Researchers are developing a better understanding of how carcinogens (factors that contribute to cancer) cause bladder cancer, allowing them to devise strategies to counter their malign influence, according to a study recently published in Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.
There are a number of carcinogens associated with bladder cancer, such as cigarette smoking and arsenic. These usually contribute to the development of bladder cancer by causing DNA damage and inhibiting repair, as well as by driving oxidative stress.
How exactly these carcinogens cause cancer is complex. The gut microbiota, the liver and the bladder are all involved in the metabolism of these carcinogens, turning them into forms that can cause significant harm. Carcinogens can then interact with the internal environment of the human body to contribute to cancer development.
While some carcinogens may be difficult to avoid, exposure to other cancer-causing factors can be minimized, such as those associated with lifestyle and diet. For example, insufficient fluid intake is associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer. Concentrated urine increases exposure of the epithelial cells of the bladder to carcinogenic substances, which can lead to DNA damage and mutations.
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Bladder cancer is more common in men than women; this is likely due to hormonal factors. Scientists have found that androgens (hormones abundantly found in men) affect the expression of enzymes that can increase the metabolic activation of carcinogens in the bladder. This suggests that hormones can play a role in influencing the risk of developing bladder cancer.
There are various ways in which carcinogens cause harm in the bladder. For example, it is well-known that carcinogens can induce chronic inflammation, which can lead to DNA damage and the accumulation of mutations. Chronic inflammation can also amplify the activation of carcinogens, resulting in a vicious cycle. In addition, carcinogens often have the ability to both suppress and evade the immune system, meaning that the body’s natural defenses cannot adequately stop the carcinogens from causing harm.
As researchers better understand the role of carcinogens in causing bladder cancer, they may be able to develop innovative strategies to counter their effects. This will likely give rise to precision medicine, in which doctors create personalized treatment regimens based on the needs of individual patients.
“These insights provide new perspectives on bladder cancer mechanisms and establish a foundation for more effective, targeted public health policies and personalized treatment options, advancing bladder cancer prevention and control toward higher precision and efficacy,” the researchers wrote.
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